Oxytocin Briefing :
Oxytocin causes contraction of the smooth muscle of the uterus and of the mammary glands. The oxytocin-neurophysin 1 precursor is processed into oxytocin and neurophysin 1, which specifically binds to oxytocin.
Oxytocin (Oxt) is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide. Oxytocin is synthesized in magnocellular neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary.It plays a role in social bonding, sexual reproduction, childbirth, and the period after childbirth. Oxytocin is released into the bloodstream as a hormone in response to stretching of the cervix and uterus during labor and with stimulation of the nipples from breastfeeding.This helps with birth, bonding with the baby, and milk production.Oxytocin was discovered by Henry Dale in 1906.Its molecular structure was determined in 1952. Oxytocin is also used as a medication to facilitate childbirth.
Male
The Leydig cells in some species have been shown to possess the biosynthetic machinery to manufacture testicular oxytocin de novo, to be specific, in rats (which can synthesize vitamin C endogenously), and in guinea pigs, which, like humans, require an exogenous source of vitamin C (ascorbate) in their diets.
Female
Oxytocin is synthesized by corpora lutea of several species, including ruminants and primates. Along with estrogen, it is involved in inducing the endometrial synthesis of prostaglandin F2α to cause regression of the corpus luteum.Function & Usage
Injected oxytocin analogues are used for labor induction and to support labor in case of difficult parturition. It has largely replaced as the principal agent to increase uterine tone in acute postpartum hemorrhage. Oxytocin is also used in veterinary medicine to facilitate birth and to stimulate milk release. The tocolyticagent atosiban (Tractocile) acts as an antagonist of oxytocin receptors; this drug is registered in many countries to suppress premature labor between 24 and 33 weeks of gestation. It has fewer side effects than drugs previously used for this purpose (ritodrine).
Neural Sources Of Oxytocin
In the hypothalamus, oxytocin is made in magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, and is stored in Herring bodies at the axon terminals in the posterior pituitary. Oxytocin is also made by some neurons in the paraventricular nucleus that project to other parts of the brain and to the spinal cord.
Depending on the species, oxytocin receptor-expressing cells are located in other areas, including the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. In the pituitary gland, oxytocin is packaged in large, dense-core vesicles, where it is bound to neurophysin I. Secretion of oxytocin from the neurosecretory nerve endings is regulated by the electrical activity of the oxytocin cells in the hypothalamus.
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